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֮¼¼
ߣƬ
廭M
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ħ֮ӣӴСһ浽ĺѡΪѰĳ˼硭

˹
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ϯ
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    Ŀ

1 ӣطꡣ
2 ӣС
3 ӣս
4 ӣ״һ䡣
5 ӣף
6 ӣ֮




廭M



1 ӣطꡣ

ȡΣ

пſϡһѱסҵģǴӹʱҺѵͬͬѧҲ
Ҫ˵ĻֻϣҪؿѡ
ҲƺһҲ΢Цضҵ
һ·ѧҪҪȥȸ谡ѵпҲ
ǸҽҪӡһؼҡ
еεЦŻشҲ¶Цݡ
ǡҪӦ˵ǡҲҪɡ
ǡ𣿡
ʲôǲǵİǲ춼һѧ𣿾÷ҲͷǣѲڽ𣿡
ڰԸ˵ųȤҲЦſһǡ
ͶһѧУƷһȻĻǹֵУɡһͨӡ
Ӳ˼죬ΪʲôһϤӰ
֪ǲע⵽ҵߣۣһЦر
ҡҷڷеķɫѻ֮𣻷Ц챦ʯƯһٰʮ幫ָߵĺֶĳ࣬ðֻ̾ʮٲǰ桭ʹѧУҲˡֻҪһжȻȻ˵Ŀ⣬ֻƺȫӡ
ҲǴһͨ˶ݸͨĸ￴ȴǡħӴˡɫݸ
Σ㻹ĽҮҲҪиô˧÷Ү
һ˵꣬Ҳ㿴ӡ̾һ

һ˼ѧУѣԼнְԱǣھӵϹš֮ܶйص˶ΪǡҴӳ÷
һʩʲôħ֮İɡ
ôˣΣӦҪؼ˰ɣ
ַϣһ˫ۿңϸضơ
รҮԵء
ţû뵽ܹħӴˡѧУЩճԻҮ
߰ɣΡ
úúãҲ´һȥȲɡ
ţ˵ޡ
ҲоһӻֵҴҪ뿪ҡʱ
ͬѧҪؼ𣿡
żҲһȥ
԰ǣǸɭͬѧһһһӦûϵɣ
Ůͬѧһƿң˷ܵذΧסӡ
ֻǰģŮһӣҲ
Щ˵ҪԼȥŮǣӻһϰΪҮ
Ƿǳǳ΢Цȴؾܾÿһˡ
ţϾӴϤЩΰɶǾͨ罻ǾֹҾЩȻġȻôõǲ̫˰ôԼе㲻̫أؿеƵģȫ޷侲Ҫǿưϳֲ̫á
ǡǡǵģһǾúܲˬҮ⵽Ϊʲô
ôΣıࡡ
ô˵ţе㻵ĵЦſҡһعְΧӵЩŮҲԶԶؿҡ
ͳӣ𣿡
԰ѾؾܾЩСˡ
ม
Һܴ³ػشزסʲôϵҪȥ氡ȻҺô˵ҪӡܱǸҪޡ
Ҫȥ԰ɣ
š
Ǿ߰ɡ
һ˵꣬ǣҵǰߡһ˲䣬ΧӵЩŮǴ˾ͼ
ȡһӡ
ﰡ
ӵֱҵҪö࣬סҵֱ֣Ӹܵ¡
ȻǰһȻӣ
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ӣǣ
˭һеӡޡ
ȫССĿ飬ǰߡ
ЩΧӵŮͬ˵
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š
Ȼص˵ͷʲôľͬѧҮ
һҲӸĹ֪Ϊʲô˼־Ȼľӡ
ʲôȻľ
Ҳ̫ƽ˰ɡңӡǸţҲΪһֱӡϰ˰ɣǲ˼ม
̧ͷǣҵֵӣһ΢ı顣
ûֿ𣿡
ֻҪ־ͺʲô
Ҳû
ҪС
ҸԳձ˵ġľӡһ̤ϷѧĹ;ˡ
Ӧɡ
ؼҵң㻻˼·Ͱͷǻҳ³ҵİȮë
һӣҲ˵ڼﲻԱ𣿡
ĵҳתһϰҴϵĹһµ˵
Ӧûϵɣֻûл
ⲻҷֲô󡫡
ҵķڼĶ¥Сͨ׶ѡд͵ӵȵȵģҪиӸͷôߴڣҷխ
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ҴţѶ³óһѰǰ
ʲô
ӿóĶһ˼˫ۡҵͦš
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ݣ
ΪղݻܸɾҴǰͺϲԼǰ˽ʱ䣬ݡʱΪþ;㣬ϰݸҪԼ˵еûࡣңļҾ߻Ӧоأ
ûڽˣһԲеǳԾĻˣ
㲻ڼҼʱ򣬾סɡ
ס
ǰ
ҪС𣿡
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صͷ۾
ҪҶ𣿡
ŲأΪʲôôСأ
ôǼ°Сһ̬ҲŲ˼ҿأ
ҾúܿɰܺðңҲȥҷӲôʵĻҪͬķʽ
ô˵һյءͣ
ǰҲСļӵĽֲָСĴϣ°βǸǴĽָʵûҲûʲô¼ʱӼСӵ̬ҶԣʱС̬һȻģлῴ˧˵ľͷģضġȻ֪ӵʲôȻ˵ҾҪȥħ֮ǰҪһֱҵߣѽ鷳ˡħص֮ΪпһЩеû£һֱæ߰ģӳ˯֮⼸άԭӡҲ˵ֳӵ̬
Ҷԣʵǳźġһ뵽ټɰСӣҾ;úѹҪһֱҵķô˵ءʮûѵ˵ʵǻܴĸɡͬ͵кУ͸δ֪һҲûʲôԵѣҲȫ֪ø˵Щʲôദңӻ˵ϲҡǰɣһҲ֪ã˵ϲҵĳһ𡭡ʵ˵ʵںΡΪ˼Ĳ֪ô
ʱԼиݡ
ҰݷҴߵĹϣü֡
ӡϿСȥҾߴոպð
ĹâҮ
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һ˲䣬ӿʵص˺ü㣬ȻʧˡΪˡ
Ϳ˰ɣ
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ÿɰࡡ
ҲҵģϸꡣһССָָҡ
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ŲءΪǽסһһ᰸ء
ǵġ
һúͨͨģķŭСС͵ݵڡ
ȥʲôĻϰ졣
ҵϲ¶Цݡһȫӣҵ̾һ߽档
Ȼôǽڻӣÿſعصģ¥ػصܡ
ãÿɰࡡܹȥΪߵ̫Ҹˣ
ӽ˫۵ţ
ͦġȷʱסӦûʲô⡭
԰ɣҾߵҲϲม

ӿʼҲϲֽҲϲֵɫЩ⣡пӦӵĲϸأ
³һѲϸ׼ãӵҪܶСʱ
ˡ
Ұӵϣһ£оϱúħǱķɫ
ֻɰ
૵ǳԾ΢Цؿ
ҿǷװรٰ֮·ɡ

ССɥشż򡣾ʱ򡭡
ΣһޣұȽม
衢裿
̫רˣûؿŵɡҵķͻȻ򿪣ѵؼҵ˽

ףôŻŵİոôڽ
ǡǵ绰Ӧڸѽֻɡ
ͨͨͣ˵һĻѻ
รȥϴɡ
ţ֪ˣ
æ¥ĽŲһ
ӣ
һŵһֻСؽݵǽڣ뾡취ԼĴڡʵ̫Ȥˣ̲סЦ˳
㿴С˰ɡ
͡㱻ҲôͷȻֱ
Ͷ˰
ҵԭǣʹν
ӻһһĹĵָҡ
ǵġһСͳɰҮЦͣǺߵرȥ
Ͽȥɣǵม
úúáҲ׼Ҫϴ£һˮġ
һ˵꣬ҸϽȥϴ裬ȻܺþûƷ֮ٳû͵͵СҪԵ͸װˮƿˮûط䡣ʱ㿴һ²Ĺڿݡ
ѭ浸صССڰᶯҾߡзĲáƺŪŪȥ⣬Ѿ˺һˡ
ӣҪҰ𣿡
ûϵǶȵȥǺҪġ
รˮϿϴɡҪǵóԷรһϴԷʱ˯¡
ұæҵ׼˵Ц
ʲô첻һϴ𣿡
ΪڰҪ̫Ļᱻ
ԭ˰
ǵġ֮ǰǺܲҪץϴ
ţˮԡ
᲻̫ȣûɣ
ССֽ˽ˮ
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ŽȥŽ𣿡
ӺߺߺߵЦ˼һ˲ӡ
Ҫ͵ม
ҲŲ͵أ
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һпû˼Ŀһɣ᲻᲻񰡣
˵ǸӦһ£Ӧûɡ
µҫš
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˵ħʲôֽŵ˼ɣⲻǸû
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ԱһůƹСð̡
żñں߸衭
ӡǵʲô谡Ҫ
Ҳһúÿģ΢ЦضżС÷
ϴĻӦҪԡɣôţѼСĳСëúɫ¸һ׵˯¡Ӷ¥Ĵ˽ȥ
Ұë˯·ڶ¥ม

ӵĻشЩģһСٿر򿪡
ϴ
ӵձеǳۺɫһӡ
ϻ˯¡
ôߴ绹𣿡
ӳŽţžžյšҼҪˡ
ţû⡣Ү
̫ˡ
һֱ˯֮ǰ˺ö·ǰʱ仨ļҾ߰衣Ȼһʼε˵֮ȴáҲ̫ԣҲ̫áѼҾ߰ȥƺС
ôҾôǳ߱ȽϺҮ

Ȼûʵ̫Ʒζˡ

ɳҪߣ㲻ĻͿԴȥ棬оܲࡡ
ӸһһߺܿĵذᶯżҾߡף
ӣԸ̸
ʲô޷̸ǲҮ
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Һ˷ܵʵȴߺߺߵء۵Цˡ
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ʲôʲôϵ
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ΪôҮ
𣿡
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˼գȻһǾùֵֹģǿʼϰߡͬѧĴڡĳһ졣
ˣΣ֪𣿡
ѧʰҪ׼ؼңҲͻȻתͷ˵
֪ʲô鰡
ⲻʺܹϵ𣿾ǸǰסʧٵǼ󷿰
มţʲô𣿡
㲻֪˵סҮ
Ǿ˰ȥ˰ɡ
ǰ
Ҳ嶼ǰ̽˳
Үû˵˰ǱһϾͻƣŴûࡣ
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š
һͳҲŷֲ֪ʲôʱѾߵߡ
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ҲԹţֻ¶Цһۣȴӵĺ۲κЦ⡣סҲ
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˵꣬ӵͷң۽ǻЦ⡣
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˵ȫûйϵ㻹ǵħʲô𣿡
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һ£˼˵Īǡ
вõԤУ̧ͷһ۵Цˡ
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ҲŲһأйڰ
޷ԻҲν𣿡
˭㲻ϰҷ룡ȥĻᷴǹɣ
ҪϲŮһ𣿡

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ˣҲǿ㡣˵Ļһܿģ
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Ҳ֪ϲңȴⲻȥҵ⡣ΪᡭΪΪ롭
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οȻ⵽ʲô
ʱѾָҹ㡣ûҪʱɣȻҺôԹе󷿾ǰҲѵߵĻ˽ȥ
ⶰϵ߸ǳɵģϾɵ֪ǶǰʹšûʲôסҲûеƹ⣬ǽΪûдɨĹϵͥԺӲݴȷǰƺסҼһξ룬⸽ҲûʶˣҲ̫˽ʵΡһ죬ͻȻⶰ󷿵ʧˣµ˻ͦİԡټôһ¡һɣ
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ΪΪʲô
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ţȻħйأҵֱȷġ
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ӣһ
ϿȻҪһޡ
Ӽ룬ֻܻŵ׷ܡΪֵطһ˻ܺҮ
ȷʲô飬ɵһֱȥҺò׷ץ½Ǽ棬ִ¥ķ䡣
ŷԿƲһĹâӲֱӴţĹâ϶ħ翴ħ⡣
µúܸɾܿϧûر˵Ķ
ڲ࣬һɳϣҺħ翴İɫ·
ԷǳɫͷϣĽëʹΪЧ˯ŵģһ
Ưˡ
Ҳ˵ȴԵӺԵطһ
Ȼӿ첽꣬ȻһŰŵɳ߷ɳȥ
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ô˵ĶԻǳμӣӵ·ʵشҵȴǽꡣ
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ӣ
ţһ¡ǰɵطͳһصĺ
ʲô
֮ǰ˵ħܹط𣿰ɾ֮һɵط׶ڣҲǸӵĹҡ
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ţȻأһĸǰϰִǰͳһȾƵģ˰ҴСʶˡ
԰԰ǰ˲ٻƵأ˵ħʵһɽŪ͵õħһܣħѳͥԺŪ߰㡭Ȼ֮󶼱ðءʲôء
Ҫ˵ˣǶǰˣҪʵĲǸ
ƮԶŵظϽס͡
֪ˣ֪˵Ҫұδǰǰ¶԰ɡ
ӵ۾ø߸ߵģһһ΢Цɵؾͱܿӵ֣˫־ٸ߱ʾͶغһ
ҪΪʲôɣһ˵Ҹطɡ
ҸŰ˵ģո˯ŵɳ輸֮ɳһƶոձ߷ɵɳصԭλҿ˵
ѽ˵飬ҲһҮЩ¶һûɶȤ㣬ȻΪ׷һ˼ŮӶ˼סˣôѾӦ飬Ըһħ𣿡

ⳬֱӵ⣬ҸӶ޷شεתͷȥӣص̾һ
Сӡ
˵˭С
С˵һ仰۾ø߸ߵģվ
ֻҪμӸؾٰᣬͻᱻΧ㣬Ȼ޷氮ϵŮֻԼˣⲻǵСʲôҪô˵Ȯ
ô˵Լأģ㻹ֻÿ棡
ҰϾҪޡ
ʲô
ӵ۾ɵôģɳܿĵؿžȵӣָԵɳϱдšɡӲѣֻһĵ۾
֪ɣǸڵأиŮ˿ȣҪ顣
ҵһ˵Ү
Ϊҵһθ㽲ϾҪнˡԵĻϣԳϯ
˵㰡пɲԲҪʲô¶ôѽҲҵ״
ҪϵϾμӰɡ
˵ţɴЦݡ
ħĽ񰡡֪ʲôҮˣ
ϲ㡣
ллޣΡ
Եе㲻ˣҴлֻЦŻӦ
ǸܲСأϿ˵ħɡ
Ҫǡ
֪ҪΪʲô԰ɣʵǸνйء

üЦݻ˿Ц̾һ
֪÷ʑɡ
ţǸϡеƷ֡
ûû÷ʑ˲ڡ
รҪ
ȫ˵ĶԻʹŵôġҵͷ˵
÷ʑһ֡ûǴĻӦССɡħʮϡ٣ֺܹص񣬶ֻϢħһСرǰϡ˲ڡ
÷ʑرÿݼҲʮһΣֻһΪ˳ǲȡʮܵıֻһҪʱǰȻˡ
ˣǱ͵ߵ𣿡
üֵ°˵ǡ
÷ʑ֮ѱڸۡڵر𱣹ܿûļ󣬶ǵľҲû㵽ô򵥾ͻᱻĳ̶ȡ
Ϊʲôأ
ʵϲ֪óһֽţһѷڲ輸ϡ
Ǳ½ҵı飬ϣ֮ܿһ¡дĶ֮ҲħƵسͨ˼ĶѨʱģ޷ͳһһط÷ʑ֮ѵķܽӽˣ÷֮˵пǵ˼ˣȥħɡݶѨλøģԼ˼Ǹλáҷλô⸽ڵĵطҲܽ˼һŲ֪ϣܹæ
ǸϿҲͺ𣿡
ҲǸ˵˼һŲֻǸպиշӣãÿ϶쿴Ҹ֪ô졣Һңǰһæ
㻹һҮ
ܲ˵˵ȴЩʡ
ǸѸʲôϵأ
Ρ÷ʑ֮ѷ֮ͻһɫʯͷҷǳҪǿʯͷΪϣܹ͸δ޵Ľָϡ
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ޱסԼΪĪľա



2 ӣС

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鶯ǣסЦӵѪһˣˡҸϽѼ嵰ݵǰ
ӣǼ嵰ϲ԰ɣ

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һҲĻֻʯͷˡΪ˲ҪҲһŬġ

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èӻǳӣӾӡһǾò̫һ
ܺܲԸôֻҪҾͻðġĻʹҸһе



4 ӣ״һ䡣

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һҲֻҪڽͻӺһѱסҡ챧סҵ˲Ҳ

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⵽ôһ£һӽŸнţŶʱû̱ҲŹأǱסûзſ
ҿԸоӵ£ȷԼȫ֮󣬸ոѹסһ
ӣ
תӴסң̾һ
ҵıñ
һΪءһΪԼһ
ҲһֱҪԹԵ𡭡Ҳ΢һ
Բ𡭡̫ˣûˡ̫ˡ
ǸеأԲ˵ѡǸҷĽˣ
ҴӽŸнųʱͻȻң촽һӡ
ӣ
ֻڰ˿ڶѡŮϲ˿ء
ллл㡣
ô˵һʲôһ
Ҳһ죬ܴ
ĪǸոյħ񡭡
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ȻȻǰ¹һϹ
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ȫһ϶µ̬ȿüӡ
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Էƺڸĳ˽ħڿз衣
ڰгһӰ
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˭û塭
ףħ𣿡
Ҳ֪˭⿪ˡǶĻЧǼһĹɡ
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ά
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ɫëƤ壬ӶӵѿˣѪѾˡ
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԰˵ϯһ˼ԽĵĴڡ
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ҪлϯǡҪ㵲סĻھˡ
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ΪȥΪȻܺܰգҪʵ

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˵ĻҶΪǶʵΪϯǣܻš
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ҵĿҪˡò׸ôáȻ
Ȼҧ촽ͷһİͻȻӻóװ͸÷ʑ֮ѡڰϣ͸һڻָ÷֮ѡ

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㡭
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𣿡
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ǣ֪ǻ᲻Ǽʮ֮󰡣
ţ˿һҲ˵ûϵġΪǺˡ
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ӡ
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Ҫޡ
ҿ޻Цš
ߣϸضϯǵ
ϯǡû°ɣ
زϸΪҲῴǳɫſˡ

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ͬʱһʹӣʼԡ
ϯǣ
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ţĪǣ
÷ʑ֮ʯ
æʰ÷ʑ֮ʯĹâ
üɫĹâ뵽һĲˡ
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š̫ˡ͸ϵüˡ
ţԽۣǴԭĿģҲûˣǲеĴҰɡ
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㲻ʲôµϯǶ˶۾ȫһѱ
ϯǣлл㣬ҿ㣡һҪлά
ι
ڰ۵ӣرסϯǡ

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ᣬûϵ
ϯɳƵ˵漴ССǰḧ
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𣿡
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รȻǲ̫֪ʲô£Ƕû¡мͬ鱻紵ˣֻǲ˶ѣһͺˡ
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żõóԵĶҲûϵɣС㡣
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Ӻܰյսȭͷ
Īǣ˹;оͷ𣿲Ż㵱
άҶ𣿡
ڻǱϯǣؿſʼɢèǡ
һҵлء
Ѿ˵ˣӦþͿ˰ɡ
𣿡
ͷ˵ԼϴŵĽɫ
ΪˡҲˣңĺܸл㡣˼ֶֻ͸лɡ
˵꣬ͰϯǵĲϣ΢Цš

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ţ֪
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ȻʲôҲûеĿռͻȻʼҡΣһֻӵǶҪһȦĴ
Ҫȥ𣿡
ţһ׼񡭡θ鷳ˡ
⡣뱻ǳ鷳ѾǼҳ㷹ˡ
԰ţʲôĻһģҪҰɡ
лĻ
ߡ˫ֽ΢ЦؿȻһѿ
ԵĻϣ˶ܳϯҵĽ񡣿𣿡
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·һҪ˿Ȱ׼ģֻҪͺˡ
𣿡
̫ˣ˵ֿԴƯҮ
ˣ
ͻȻʲôƵؿ˵
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ӵֲħֽĹʬ嶼ŪˡЩڵĻкĻľҲԭӡƽغӴɫ˲ʮƯӺصͷ
ħȻȥɣҪһٽ㡣

ħ˽Ļشŷڲ֪ʧˡ
ħʧĵطһ
ǣҲҪˡ
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Ǳҹһ뵽ûˣͻȻúƣۡ
û°ɣ
ţû¡
ȻЦ˵ӵȴһЦҲûС
ӣ
ûûط˰ɣ
һ˵꣬ٶҵգȻҿĻұ
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Բ𡭡
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ӵҶߵૣе졣
Һظܵ£ĴָŪҵͷ
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ˡڷֻ֣ǰŻֳӡ
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ǰ˵ġĶı
˵ȫҮ
ҡǲǣϲأ
ȻǺȷӱҲҺܵô롣
ҡ
˧ࡣӡ
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ߺߺߡӺܵӡЦˣСС˵
Ҳ࿴ˡ
Ӧ˰ɡ
ӺܻĵۣǱͷȥر۾
Ѹ鿴úҪܷʲô¶侲ԶԵжʲôʱ򶼻ע⵽ҡôҵ⡣
ġ˧ࡡ



5 ӣף

Ϊ̫ƣ͵Ĺϵһ̲Ƶ˯ڶϡȻƽһѧУȥȴû˷ְˡ
Ӧ˵һʼͲڡ
һֱߵİͻȻˣĸоüįࡡȴ˵ļһﲻˣöӿ徲һ㡻һ㶼̹Ү
ˣܿͻ棬ħĽҪúõһ
ΪϽʱ䣬ǳǶ˼Сʱǰħ硣
ȵĵطݷá
ӭǵǰĸסһλźӣЦݿ䡢еĲ
Ȼһӣ۾ؾϹ
þòˣӡһӲѾôɫˡ
Ҿø֮ǰʱûʲôı䰡
ô˵ءо̫һˡǰҪöˣħˡ
ɲǳ޵Ļࡡ
ǿɾʧˡλǱСɡҶ˶ɡ
ĸ΢Цشǽȥ
߹ȣڻҵȴǵģЦӰٷ֮ʮ֮ǰЦݵİ
áҪأһ߰ɡ
ôɿ𣿡
ȥ˻᳡Ļʲô¶ˡңǿ
˷ܵóһɫʯͷɫָ
Īǡ
÷ʑ֮ʯ𣿼ӹúƯء
Ӻ˵һĺܸ˵Цš
԰ɣȻеϣͦء
δӦҲܸ˰ɡ𣿡
֮һûءͨţܲΪʱѽǰˣæòɿҪȽˡ
û𣿡
һĽڽ鼸ǰҪ׼
ȴ˻֡
ûûҶǺˣͻԱǴãֻҪȥ᳡·ͺá
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ĸĸ˵ҪԷĸ״кȽȥˡ
ڻʱ䣬ɵ
šãǸƵ
ֵܶúƯľԣһƬ͵Ĳݵء
ҪΪ᳡ĽҪʥʽɫ
ƯรձҲֵطͺˡ
มϲֵǹҲรˮλں룬ڴٲķֽ紦Ưء
𣿡
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˵ҴֻǱŶ֪ʶĺģҪѡ
ࡡ
ӶżЦͷ
ɶ񡫣ôбƺõĸо
ǸﰡҪҫҪܵĻȥĵط
Ųأ
طĻ

ԶһˬʵŮƮ
һͻȻĽһͷȥһŵɫŮ
ߵİǴ۾ôĴС
˿ȣ
δ𣿡
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Ȼܡάǰʵ̫ûòˡ
ûòܲûòม
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û취
ǶԻʱδС㡭λ˿С㣬ȫڰ̾ϢǳɫĳڷƮݣһܸ˵س򰢶һ˲ܵߡʹűȰСɡȻϸȴ͹£ֱģضһҲһŵõĸоǸˡ

˿羣ôĻ
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ף
˿С
š˵ǻ˿֢
վһԣ輱ײİȻһü漴۾
˿羡
գ۾˿¶ЦݣŰա
˿羣
㿴ҿҮ
ΪΪʲô
ѽҸκõ𣿡
˿ȵЦƺʲôĺ⣬Լֱ۸
չһɫǵȷǰɫϯǵġ
ϯǣ
С˾Ĳԭһ
ϯǣ
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˵漴ص̾һ
⵽ǡôһ°
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˿ȽŰ΢Ц򰢶۾͸ϯһǵɫ
ԵأΪɵİֵطʹĽ
Ҿ˵Ҳ뿪ǣ֪㵽׻ЩʲôҮ֪ᵣģҲһܼįҲΣյ״Ү
ѽþȾͺңҵĲҲκء
˵ʲôһҪҮ
ڻŰġ
ǵġɲԹһ㰡˿羡
ѽ㻹һܰĶҮϿ챧Ұɡǵģҳģ
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ˡ
ૣȻ촽ȥ˿ϵۡһʼе㲻˼رס˰˿ȡ
Ҳð㣬˿羡һֱҵ߰ɣ
Ȼ
ůů㡭

Ҫסʪ¶Цݣһֱرס˿ȡ
ӣ̫ء
⿴ҾԼƺҲ̼ˡ
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Ȼĺƽ͵Ц⣬ǺǺǵЦš
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һǸﻻ·õķ䣬Ѿкü̴µŮȺš
˿һϿʼ׼Ȼǰݵذϴ·
оͦие
רҵʿǲһûһʹˡﰮ˿ȴĳױҲͬʱС
⻹ǵһοħĽ˿ȻҲǴ׵İ
ճϸ޳ȹ̯ڵϡ¶磬ǰ󿪵
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ޣнҴ˸ʽϲһأ
˿ȵĻ˵꣬ڷŵļʮ￪ʼҡ
𣿡
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ţ
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ม
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ۣҲðһ䲻˵Ļˡ
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Ǽ¶̫š˵ҲҮǰҺָо
԰ΪĲҶȻ̫㣬ȴòɡǰرǸʶҾ;ú˽มΪʲôһԹðͷʹءŻرִ÷ʑ֮Ѱɡ˵ΪҪѰ÷ʑ֮Ѷ˼ȥʱĺúڡҾáΪҵĹϵһ棬־úܿġΪǴĺܰҡ
𡭡˵Ҳأǵĸá
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Σʵشࡡ
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¶ͬػشΧסңҼǴ׸״̬ǰһ·
С㣬زĵطܶء
Ǿϱεɡ

˼ࡣҵزôС
Ҿܵģǿ첽Ѿ˺ܾõĹߡĹ֮УԵؾͿԿӡȻܶ˰Χȱ˸߳һͷӣһȷ֮ϴǽд
˳Ⱥߣϸ´ҡ
ᡢ𣿡
ᣬʺมر
Ҳϵĺǰ˿Ƚҵġӵ˵
ԹؽӹĹң
˵Ǹ
Цġ
ʼЦˣ޳ָ˴ҵա
ɫҲʺ㣬Ƚϳˡ
𣿡

汧ǸҵڻǸСม
Ҳ˵عһҵա
ʲô
ʱˣ߰ɡ
˵ʱĴһˡ
ȫŴİ˿ȾǳģضһҲȫɫʽ
˲ںɫ̺ϣĹ߻׶
չҸĲͬʽҲвͬķļֻ̳˹ĻʽȻٳߵǰ
ԵЩߣ˿΢Цػ֣õؽܴҵĻҫŵǍ÷ʑ֮ʯƯָ
˿ȿܸɣӦûеɡ
ҾͲǺЦ˳ʱĹԱһСӡ
Ǵ׵ëһЩǳɫĻꡣ
ߣҲӹôһӡ΢Ҷ˵
ȵߵǰʱ򣬾ҪมһƯؾһ磬ɵúƯɡ
֪ˣ
Ҳи˼ĽĲء
ڳ̺ϣë꣬ĴƮɢ
ɫǽڵϰɫëصɫڿз裬⻭濴ʵ˵λááð
Ҹվ̺βˣȵߵǰʱ˵ģëø߸ߵġ
ȻԵӺһ
һ˲䣬ܷɢë̬꣬߸߷գȻͷɢʢƮš
ͻĻ裬ʱ۾һӵЦݣ漴¶úáı飬ܿĵɫ۾
ǰӵļҡ
ƺʲô飬ԽҪڳס¡
ڻƻʱִֵģڳö˲ʿģݷվǰŮææʮֵ֡
һӣϵ˵ӭǺϰߵػӻֻӦ
֮ǰʱ򣬺ûô˰ӡ
Ϊ֮ǰ״̬Է˹˶֧ˡϾǲʺó֪ĺ鰡
มǽһ𣿡
ǰžָоɡ
ӱ˵ߣ漴סһŮ͡
٣ϰأ
ӣӭӦͥĵطมոϯ˼飬۵ӣӦǸ˹һϢɡ
𣿲˼
ģûʲô
ԵٴȸߵЦݣܺͰס
ˣ֮ܶȵͥȥɡҪϰ˵
ţ֪ˡ
ҵڶûаնڲֻøߡ
ڳһ󣬾Ϳһȡ
Һӡ
ʮָɾͥиͤһڸǵϢ
ڻϵĵȻħְ֣ħ̷ְɫͷķ˹šþòޡ
ϰ֣
ӴСħְֵ߶һ¡һ˲䣬վ˹һȫ̡
Ȼ˹ҲһɵӸںͷˡ
С㡫С㡫þòࡡ㻹ûбҶ۸¶Ҫأ
߸ߡһڵħְ֣ȫӵĴڣһѱסңĥĥȥħְ֣
£̫ƻˣҲҪҲҪĥĥĥ
ȡһʲô
סϰ֣
ӲǰϿ۾ϵصħְ֡
ʲôϵþû˰ôţҲҪְĥһĥ𣿡
пܰ
ӵ̫Ѩħְ¶ܿĵ΢Ц
ô˵ħְֿӻǺܸˡ
ţѵǻɡ˹׼衣

ˣǾͱдμħְֵĲᡣ
˹ó豭˲裬ħְǰַϣǰ˫ֽ
ȥμ˰ºĽ˰ɡ÷ʑ֮һҲˣĸоΣ
ţӦ˵еú˳ɣûʲô⡣
𣿡ħְ΢Ц˵漴ֿҡ
СǵһβμĽɣоô
ĺƯร˿Ҹð
СʱǻиʢȫԵࡡڴɡ
˵꣬ħְֺܿĵ΢ЦšҶһĻе㲻֪ôҮ
ЦЦɻȥԵӺ˲󣬰Ѳ豭ϡ
ôһ°״˽⣬ȻҲѰ˿С͵˼硭
ֻҪæŮԶѰʲô𣿡
ħְֵһӰӼ˵˴ŷΡ
һûˡҪûŪõĻûнĽˡ
ม
ħְֺĴָ
ûⰡ
ʲôûⰡ΢վǵһºòã
ΪڣӦòʲôΣհɡҵеǸ۵ءû뵽߸Щ˻ᵽ˼ȥ
ϰҲ֪𣿡
Ҳǵ¡ħȫȻҴ϶ǲ֪ʲôͻȻ塭˼ҲȳƺΪˡɡ鲻
ǰ˼ĶѨƵƵ򿪣룬ЩһӦйϵ
ȷ൱Ŀǰȿһ״ɡ
ħְһصͷȻɿ⡭
⡭һ㶼ûнŸ
Ӵ뷨Ҳһɡ̾һ֪ŪһϣȻžطϡ
ǰҵϣҶˡ
ȻǸİŮܣǵ㲻úĻҿǻŵءбĹ֮һԼķɡ
ǰǾ仰Ƕġ
Ӳ˵ؿαϡ
ˣӡ
еķ˹ͻȻ˵

ҪСĺࡡ

üʱһžž·ĺɫ𽥿漴ץסӵĺ輡
⡢ʲô
ֻ
ʲôΣ
ҰץסͷֻСץǰ
ౡ
СèСؽһͷϻһźɫʯͷһֻС
ûǸŴֵı
ʲôٵࡡ
ٵٰŮ𣿡
ţӦǰɡʽֽܽٵ٣ȥ˼֮ǰȡ֡
˵ȻٵٱԼǰ
΢һЩءôûйԹԵİ
ӶٵЦٵȴö̶̵ǰӵ
ʲô
Ϊ㲻ڣܲ˰ȻҲҸ˹Ļϲ㡣˼֮ǰúõչɡ
ħְֺǺǺǵЦſӸٵദӡ
š
һӵصͷȻٵٷԼϥϣظͷ侲ˣٵһӣӵϥϡ
һôɰҮ
áҲ𣿡
ɣӦòΣ˵ġ
ǣҾͲޡ
ǣҲҪСޡ
˹ϵ˵ҵεس鶯һ¡
һ°ɡ
Ҳ֡ħְ֡˹ӻңȻٵ٣ֵС
ȻǹŴ֣Ǹ桢СѡңϲҲڣȻ˵ϣҪϵȫøӳԡ
һʼԵЩ󣬵Ͼͷٵ顣
šţŮһม
һ˵ҪԼСµĻĸһῪİɡӸħְֶûôرħְ֣ʼնһ΢Цӿٵ١
ͻȻԿħְֵĽҮ˵Ҳġ
극ΪٵٳԵǣȥϴ裬طٵתͷҡ
أһĻҾͰ㰲ſͷɡ

֪ҷʲôӵİɣʱûҪС˼มٵҲڣҾûǸҪԸһ˯𣿡
มȷӵķֻһŴ
ʲôҲû룬Ҫһȥˡһһ˯ˡ
֪ΪҺòô˵ġ
ʱͻȻ˿ȵĻ
ˡҪӴޣôͿԿ񿴲ĶһʼʱҲо˺ܶණϲҵ⣬Ҷ⣬ǿ
ڵӦòӱܰɡ
ʱӦҪŬɡ
һս˫֣е㺦µ̧ͷӡ
úõĻһҲûϵ
ѵҮǷʲôأ
ӵ۾΢΢ҷԵеҡ
㡢㿴ٵҲڰҲࡡҺҲһ˯
ʲôΪٵม
ԵЩʧֻ˵һ䡺ˡ
ԲรӣҰٵٵɽڣ
漴ӵķ䡣ȻӼڣﻹúܸɾע⵽мһϣɽһߵϡ
ӡȻô࡭ǰԼĹƸ
Ӵͷɥһֽ
ιٵ٣Ҫϣ
ӻٵٿʼҪ
ӣȴٵȥϴɡ
ʲô㲻һ𣿡
ۣЦš

ҵȷٵһϴ裬Ҫúõذˢϴһ
ʹұҪ˵һϴ衭
ԴƽϺ
ҡ֮һϴͺˡ
รⲿݾͲЭ
ӺǺǺǵЦţٵٴԡҡ
е÷ţһƨɳϡ輸кܶӭˮͷڱͰľƿ
ﵽһ䷹갡
ӦÿԳ԰ɡ
еµһɫˮƤӲǣ֪ôҮ
Ϊ˴ʱ䣬Ҷʱ¶ԡﴫ
ٵ٣һû취ϴ
ౣ
Ҫ
ౡ
úúãҪม
֪һϴͺˡ
Ҫôһϴ裬е㡭
㡢Ӿͦ
ౣ
Ҳٵһϴ
ôֵĶԻҲſڴϣһһͻȻǰ
ౡ
ɫ۾µ»תţٵٿңҪҵ
ٵ١
ʵ̫ɰˣҲ֪Ϊʲôٵҵͷ
ڰο
һǵһϴôҡ
еֺۣܿĵӡ
ҪҲһϴĻͺˡ
ҡôȥ
һתͷѾʼơϰ¶ġ
һ£·
ոϴʱ߰ģȵҪҶʱˣʲôϵ
ӺȻ˵ѱҺһȹ⣬Ȼز͡
ѻɫͷĲϡ
óӣļʮֽʵҲúƯ
ǵƷһĺģҲС¹ײ
иҮ
ڲŶ֪ʵеֻţ˺ۡ
ڿʲô
ӵͷҵ۾ԵҪ׽Ūҡ
ûûʲôҲȥϴɣ
Ҫޡ
һŵشӴӴЦ
ͻȻðôһ仰Ӿǹģ
Ҽæѵ·¶ԡȥˮոӵϰ
ô졭֮Ҫһ˯ร
԰˿ȵĻ˵Ҳǡݳޡķհɡ
ҰѰͷˮ붫ġȻ벻

ˣܻġ
õĽ۾
ϴþรһΪˮ
һۣڴιٵٳǸӭˮ
ϰʲôû
·
ҷ䣬Ұôô
ô˵û
ɣҲԳԿ
ӰǸɫĹʵǰ¶ɫĹҡ
ֻ÷ڴߣӸҵĹʵ
𡣡
ֻʱڲŲյõĹˮͺúܰɡ
ӻ˵ְ꣬ˮƤȻһøҳԡ
Һڱιʳĸоม
ףٵأ
ͻȻúӸոտʼͱðˡ
ţѾ˯ˣո̫˷ˡ
ҿӵһ࣬ٵٹȻѾһ˯ˡ
˯Ҳÿɰม
Ҳ˯ˣ㶼ڴǷˡ
ҡҲû
ɶ۾
ӰװˮӷŻص輸ϣ˯ŵٵٵͷ
˫ͷٵٵĺۿĵš
ôߣͣظٵ١
Ǳ飬ǰЩʱı񡭡Ҳɡ
ôʱؿͻȻֱʲôеĸо
Ϊʲôؿںʹ
ôΣıҮ
ǡ𣿡
ӦѾܰ˰ɡ
ӻ˵꣬Ͱϵȥ
ۣȡһ£
Ҫ˵ˣ
ǿӲذϹȥظҵͷ
ҲæҵģӦú˰ɣû𣿡

ӿҵ񣬴һĵӡ
ţû¡
𣿡
ţͷֻûͣӵֺôů
ͻȻ鵽ǰӰġ
ҵʵǲ̫áĺƯ
ҲҪ֣ȴͷϴЦҲֱϡң¶Цݡ
ҡûʲôֵ˼ม
Ļɡ
ҵ֣Ӳؿϡ
ѽֱ̫ӣֱ̫
ͨ죬һڵӡ
ڹ۲ҽҪôһܿġֺ
ļУ̻ŹĶ塣
ʱҵԺֳָ˿ȵĻ
ã
¶ģűסӵĲӡ
Ρ
ҵĶߴ
ʵǾóģһ쵽˶ɡ
ҵȵҪһԼ
ȴǺǺǵСЦţر
ôΣ
ҶߵϢҵּӿˡ
һŬ
ĽӴһֱҶǼͨ¡ͨĳЩ˵ȴǲͨġһǵһ֪
ǰ
ʵءͨҪ£ҵøлһвŶԡôġ
ม˿С˵Щʲô𣿡
Ҫ˵Ҳǡ˵һЩɡ
˵Щʲôأ
صӴҵĶ䣬ҾúҼӽסӣŬҪը˵
˵ɺܶĽӴԿ񿴲Ķ
ԭˡǣڿʲô
ӵţң촽ҵͷ
šһǺ˽⡭
˵Ϊɡ
һ˵꣬ϰǰǰΧסһؽҡ
ӡ
ҪջɣΣ
ӵǺǺǵЦӦš
һҵͷرסҡ
ǰݷҪȷһǿҵ֡
ǰ
ȷ𡭡ȷʵԴңǴȷʵ𡭡𣿡
˵úá
ӵЦţ˵סҵؿҡ
ոֻǴ촽һַֿأ촽ǽһ
š
ȡӵ촽յ֡ȡ
ҾãҸܵȡ
ͬҡͬҵȫ
˲ǣָо
ҲȷһҰɡȷǰҸҵ⡭
ĵૣµĺۡ
һӵգӱְסҵ֡
ͺãֻҪĲֻҪһϽңҾͺܿˡ
ӡ
ᣬħӴˡ
ǰȷʵһˣԸϧûʲôŵҡ
סȲָͬôҲ
˵Ըҡ
ԸҵһС
¸ܵӵе⡣
Һÿģؾá
ҿԾŬĻӦǡ
ҽرסӣüĺڷ
ƮƮģϸµĺڷָ们
Ρ
Ѿ˵ˣֻ촽ڽš
ȷţǱڿ̻šҰ㡻



6 ӣ֮󡭡

ȡΣ
úúãҲоҲ
ѾϰҲÿϵܱҰĿαʼǱõϣͿһЦúӡ
ǸҪҪǣ
ʲô
ҿรϣ
ϣ
ҲͷҲȴͣЦ
ǣһѧɣȻǵѧУſھͷֿˡ
㿴ˣ
ȻʱұġǱϾҺʶ࣬ûнޡ
ǡûʲôֵ˼ม
ǣʲô˼ֻһ㽻ǣ𣿡
ô˵û
ʲôʲôĪηżʱʲôչ𣿿Ҳ˱棡

Ҳͱˣʵ޴롣ʱˡߺߡЦ
αֱŵģûжҲܱһϾ͵һӣֻ԰ɣΣ
ؿһ˫¶۵ЦݣҲǼ׷ҡ𣿡
ҲҪȫѧˣӰæ
รȤҮ
ԡˣǸûס󷿣ôأ
Ϊתƻ⣬˸ѾûɶʸеĻ⡣
Ǹûסม˵ǵϵͳëԵƲŻԼˡ
ǡม
Ҳûô಻˼˵Ϊ⻹ءǿϧ
ӾȻ˵ֻ
˵ҲһźӣӾߣ߻Լλӡ
;Уظһҵͷ
͵͵Цĺۣܸ˵ӡ
ءȻֻءҪŬȥӡ
Ϊһܹúõ˵Լ⣬Ҫúõ⡣
һգ





þòֻ߸˵μأƬ
ܿġӡ˵ڶΪкܶϣܹٳлٸҼ棬ķǳллҡ
عﶼè䣬Ҫèһסңèһ˹ˡеϲżеɵġ̫ɰˣЦɼܸоҲܲҲϣ˿ܹúùҡèӿɾͺ鷳˰ɡһЩ飬һдµڶġ
èĺܰҮȻҴûè˼סһꡣտʼʱԸ¶ʮһͻȻҵϥรǵģɰ
ҾҪèĲַˡҲϲ־硺èȥһȥʮ˰ɣһȥġϿ˹(Munkustrap)ֻèʵ̫˧ˣҵ߶ϡҪлĻһҪȥรĺȤء
εƷأ˵Ƕ߸λˣΪߵҲһ߼ʣһ±ʵءǵģεҪٶ۵ʲôʱ򰡣һкܶ˶ô˵ɡ
ϲָо˶ġϣܹñԼȥҵԼĴ𰸡
ҺϿһܵİЦ
Уյ˺ܶغżʼȵ˿ĵĸ
Ϊ˵ԭж¡дƷʱšҿῪ𣿡һúЦ𣿡֮飬ͺǸЦһมȻҲÿԼдǷֻܹʵڲִ࣬ʵʱǳ˸л⡣
ϣܴôҾÿġҸƷҶָม
Ҳллǳչҵľܱ༭α༭ԭˣȥ̸ʱҵĵĸλ༭ԱЦʵ̫лǵĳˡ
УҲƯ廭ĄMʦллˡ
ҪģȻⱾĸλޣķǳллҡ
´ټޡ

2007  Ƭ
